Damian Sendler History of Psychiatry Note

Damian SendlerL Psychoanalysis and Freud's Vienna are no longer the primary focus of historical interest in psychiatry, but rather the history of psychopharmacology, electroconvulsive treatment (ECT), and neuroscience. However, the breadth of historical writing in psychiatry is as wide-ranging as the profession itself, and the history of psychiatry in 2007 has found its way into many different corners and nooks.

Damian Jacob Sendler: Thomas A. Ban, retired professor of psychiatry at Vanderbilt University, is one of the most respected individuals in psychopharmacology for his dedication to the field throughout the years. 'Development of a pharmacologically valid psychiatric nosology with a "nosological matrix" would provide the pharmaceutical industry with the necessary feedback to develop clinically selective drugs in mental illness and break the impasse of progress in "translational research" in psychiatry,' Ban [1••] proposed in 2006. It is (p. 429). As a member of the Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum, Ban published a history of the organization.

Psychiatrist Klein [3•] recalled his early experiences with antipsychotics and concluded with ideas on the current regulatory reforms required. An international team of German and English experts has documented Emil Kraepelin's early psychopharmacological studies using public sources [4]. [4]

According to psychiatrist Turner [5,] who has published extensively on the history of psychiatry, chlorpromazine (Thorazine, Largactil) was a "sort of psychological penicillin" that opened the treatments of psychosis in 1952, when it was discovered.

While some doctors' lives are inspiring, others are repelled, and still others embody the human drama of psychiatry's path ahead. This is a constant topic in psychology. McGlashan and Carpenter's [8] memorial of the late Wayne Fenton's contribution to schizophrenia research is one of the most important contributions.

Dr. Sendler: The word "demoralization" was coined by John Hopkins University professor Jerome Frank, and it deserves a resurgence. Frank's previous pupil at Yale, De Figueiredo [9•], reminds us of this achievement.

Due to the language barrier, Sergey Korsakov's life has mainly remained unavailable to academic investigation. Ovsyannikov and Ovsyannikov [10] have taken a first step in filling this void by writing a concise biography of Korsakov.

Damian Sendler

Sir Martin Roth, a significant figure in British and global psychiatry in the twentieth century, has been brilliantly celebrated by Kerr and Kay [11•].

Author Hilton [12•] has published a carefully researched biography of the life and work of the Maudsley's Felix Post, who was one of the pioneers of the field of geriatric psychiatry, and who is commemorated in the monument.

To learn more about psychiatric hospitals from the past, see Callaway's [13••] description of his residency in the Worcester State Hospital in Massachusetts back in the 1940s.

Vital anxiety was coined by the eminent Spanish psychiatrist Juan López Ibor, who borrowed the word from Kurt Schneider. An outline of López Ibor's life is provided in his biography by Lidesmo-Jiménez [14].

While prominent psychiatrists' studies were formerly dubbed 'pathographies' by doctors, the same may be said of notable patients' studies. There are no systematic pathographies in this year's collection of reviews, although a Swiss group's detailed documentation of Gustav Flaubert's symptoms suggests that he may have had a tic problem [15•].

The records of Stanley McCormick, a member of the International Harvester family and a patient of William Alanson White's at St Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C., are being studied by researcher Kleiman [16••].

New Yorker magazine's famed editor William Shawn's son, Shawn, has published an account of his own phobia in the New York Review of Books that journalist Malcolm [18] observed. Literary enthusiasts will like both the memoir and the review in this collection.

Dr. Lerner [19••] is a Columbia University professor of medicine and a seasoned historian of medicine who has studied many reports of Franklin Roosevelt's final illness, particularly the issue of whether he was mentally fit to sign Yalta accords in 1945. (fully competent is the answer).

Freud's ideas have fallen out of favor with therapists and historians alike. However, there is still a significant amount of literature on the history of psychoanalysis because of the past interest in the subject.

During the Nazi era, many German-Jewish psychiatrists were forced to flee to other countries. [20] Schultz-Venrath [20] tells the narrative of the first psychoanalytic in Cologne and his subsequent move to Birmingham (where he was also the first psychoanalyst).

Schröter and Tögel's research of Freud's father's visit in Leipzig in 1859, which first published in German, is firmly archive-based.

Damian Jacob Sendler

It is becoming more difficult to discover archival evidence of Freud's work in the Freud world, with much of the literature consisting of reinterpretations of well-known writings and correspondence. Anna Freud's participation in the Hampstead War Nurseries was studied by Midgley [22•] as an example.

In the 'Schreber case,' Martin [23] at the School of Education at University of Birmingham, adds Tourette's syndrome to the increasing list of probable disorders that Daniel Paul Schreber, whose published memoirs crystallized Freud's thinking on paranoia, may have had (neurosyphilis seems the most likely candidate to the present reviewer). The assessment of how Freud arrived to several of his concepts, including free association, by Brenner [24], based on Freud's writings and various references from the second generation of analysts, will be a must-read for Freud enthusiasts who wish to avoid missing anything.

Damian Jacob Markiewicz Sendler: As interest in the history of neuroendocrinology and neuroimmunology develops in 2007, just a single key publication needs to be referenced in the field of history of psychiatry and neuroscience. Research on depression has progressed over the last 20 years, and Irwin and Miller [25] at the University of California Los Angeles Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology summarize the findings and conclude that 'cytokine model of depression' provides "targets for future study" (p. 374).

Psychiatric therapy and diagnosis are more impacted by the culture and society around them than other medical specialties, such as cardiology or nephrology. Psychiatry can't seem to keep up with the trends, as seen by the current craze for "pediatric bipolar illness," which has come and gone. In the absence of a clear model of pathophysiology, it is impossible for psychiatrists to prove faddish new ideas erroneous. Professor Bendersky of German and intellectual history at VCU examines the influence Gustav Le Bon's ideas on 'panic' had on US military psychology during World War II, which is relevant to the above discussion. The Crowd, published in 1895 by Le Bon, was a seminal work in the field of social psychology.

Horwitz and Wakefield's The Loss of Sadness is an engaging and well-informed condemnation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and psychiatry's links to the pharmaceutical business, which is a success of tying clinical psychiatry to societal trends. The book has received a lot of attention from the media, and it's a depressing read for doctors.

A medical historian from Northwestern University, Lane [28••], has written a critical critique of'social anxiety disorder' in 2007.

'Psychiatry and society' is a natural home for transcultural psychiatry, which assumes that the surrounding culture affects how mental illness is presented and how people see it. An "ethnographically grounded questionnaire" was used to evaluate the stigmatization of significant mental disease in seven cultures from England to India to the Caribbean and West Africa, according to Littlewood et al. [29•].

Medical historians have shown a great deal of interest in the history of shell shock and battle weariness throughout wars. As an assistant professor of science history at Michigan State University, Wake analyzes the history of military psychiatry through the lens of a World War II questionnaire established by U.S. psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan. Sullivan seems to have meant mostly gay individuals when he used the term "unfit," despite the fact that he was himself a homosexual.

Damien Sendler: France has always been unique in the history of psychiatry, for example, having the world's highest rate of benzodiazepine intake. There is a lot of focus on institutional care and a lack of growth of community services (commonly referred to as'sectorization') in France, according to Bordeaux psychiatrist Verdoux [31]. It's interesting to note that France has one of the world's highest concentrations of psychiatrists (many of them still given to psychoanalysis).

In historical epidemiology, only well-funded organisations are able to have an impact because of the massive resources required for epidemiology. A group at Bangor, North Wales, headed by historical psychiatry expert David Healy, has made several significant contributions to the field. In 2007, they compared patients with manic-melancholic syndromes who were committed to the North Wales institution between 1875 and 1924 and those who were referred to the North West Wales mental health services from 1995 to 2005. The incidence of postpartum psychoses decreased significantly, although the overall incidence of melancholia remained steady. According to the authors, Rafaelsen's [32] 1974 idea of'manic-melancholic disease' [33•] may potentially replace the term'major depression.'

When it comes to the history of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), there's a fresh interest. Ugo Cerletti, the man credited with inventing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), was the subject of a thorough biography authored by medical historian Passione [34••], a professor at the University of Bologna. According to a Danish research, ECT usage has remained consistent over the last 15 years, but its indications have changed from bipolar and schizoaffective disorders to unipolar depression [35]. However, the use of ECT in Denmark has always been high, thus a lack of growth may not be altogether typical. A detailed history of ECT by Shorter and Healy [36•] found that in the US, recent years have seen an uptick in ECT usage, a consequence of lessening stigmatization that had previously been attached to ECT. As a co-author, it's humiliating for this reviewer to rate the book with double stars, but it does provide a detailed history of shock treatment from the 1930s to our current times.

It is essential for residents to learn about the history of psychiatry throughout their training. Psychiatric history is more than just a collection of historical curiosities for the amusement of seasoned clinicians; it provides insight into treatments and diagnoses that once flourished but are now, perhaps unfairly, pushed to the sidelines in favor of patent-protected remedies and fashionable diagnoses. In the history of psychiatry, there is much to be gained – safe and effective therapeutic drugs and diagnoses that cut nature at the joints even more than the present crop. Mental health professionals at all stages of their careers should be educated about the history of alternative therapy and diagnosis.